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Are we really on the brink of having robots to mop our floors, do our dishes, mow our lawns, and clean our windows? And are researchers that close to creating robots that can think, feel, repair themselves, and even reproduce?
Rodney A. Brooks, director of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory believes we are. In this lucid and accessible book, Brooks vividly depicts the history of robots and explores the ever-changing relationships between humans and their technological brethren, speculating on the growing role that robots will play in our existence. Knowing the moral battle likely to ensue, he posits a clear philosophical argument as to why we should not fear that change. What results is a fascinating book that offers a deeper understanding of who we are and how we can control what we will become.
- Sales Rank: #816269 in Books
- Published on: 2003-02-04
- Released on: 2003-02-04
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.00" h x .60" w x 5.20" l, .35 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
Amazon.com Review
The world of HAL and Data, of sentient machines, is fast approaching. Indeed, in some ways it has already arrived, as humans incorporate bionic technology and as humanlike machines increasingly take on the work of humans.
Rodney Brooks, a professor of engineering at MIT, has been involved in this transformation for decades. He has helped design robots that reason, at least after a fashion. The machines are as yet primitive, but, Brooks writes, in five years the boundary between what is now fantasy and fact will be breached, and intelligent machines will come into their own. With them will come a host of ethical problems, as we wrestle with the implications of Asimov's laws of robotics and with the very real possibility that we have created a new kind of slave. There's no way of getting around this future, it would seem, and, adds Brooks, our species will change in the bargain: "With all these trends we will become a merger between flesh and machines."
Antitechnologists may shudder at the story line, but readers interested in the gee-whiz possibilities of the digital age will be fascinated by Brooks's vision of what is and what will be. --Gregory McNamee
From Publishers Weekly
Brooks, a leading "roboticist" and computer science professor at MIT, believes that robots in the future will probably be nothing like such all-knowing brain machines as 2001's HAL, nor will they resemble the sleek cyborgs of other Hollywood nightmares. Rather, they will be simple, ubiquitous, curious little machines that will have more in common with humans than one might think. Brooks, and his fellow researchers, suggest that the focus of much AI and robot research has been to develop superhuman devices that operate at the highest intellectual levels. Much better, he says, to make a lot of simple, cheap robots that can perform only a few tasks, but do them well. Brooks begins with a brief but comprehensive overview of the field of research into AI and robotics, then dives quickly into his and his fellow enthusiasts' work as they engineer one strange, insect-looking (and weirdly human-acting) metallic creature after another. Occasionally, Brooks's involvement with iRobots (he is chairman and chief technical officer of the robot company) shifts the book into an advertisement for upcoming products. Brooks points the way toward a future where humans work in tandem with and even begin to resemble a host of his fast, cheap creations not a science fiction utopia, but a future where people have a lot more and better tools to work with.
Copyright 2001 Cahners Business Information, Inc.
From Booklist
A scientist at MIT's famous artificial intelligence lab, Brooks here splits his book in two: the first part describes various robots he and his group have built; the second part philosophizes on the nature of artificial intelligence. As sophisticated as current robots are, the real world (especially visual clues) can easily stymie them. Brooks advocates strategies to circumvent such problems--namely, giving up trying to program a model of the world in the robot's memory--in favor of an "out-of-control" approach, in which the robot reacts more naturally with humans. Brooks sees a day not far off when robots become maids, butlers, and lawn mowers, which, combined with remote sensing, will create a demand in robotics that has previously been confined to manufacturing. Similar optimism infuses Brooks' ruminations on machine intelligence; in particular, he addresses our fear that robots could dominate humanity. A man-as-machine thesis that is presented accessibly and humanely. Gilbert Taylor
Copyright � American Library Association. All rights reserved
Most helpful customer reviews
9 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Disappointing
By A Customer
While parts of this book are interesting (the early discussions of individual robotics projects are interesting) the latter half devolves into what are largely stream of consciousness-type musings that veer between the quasi-interesting and somewhat muddled. This is a book that is not likely to satisfy those who are already savvy in the area, and intelligent lay people may feel (like I did) that they plopped down good money for a relatively undisciplined piece of work.
11 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
A fantastic insight into the world of Robotics & AI
By John F. Nordlinger
I picked up this book after hearing Rodney Brooks speak and am very glad I did. The book is an exceptionally well written history, explanation and fore telling of the world of Robotics.
Told with the expertise of a ongoing participant Rodney Brooks is clear and especially well informed well beyond his clear knowledge of activity on MITs campus. He describes activity from Standford and CMU to Cornell and, of course, his own AI Lab at MIT. He also discusses succinctly the Japanese robotic effort and recent products by Sony.
For anyone wondering about emerging trends, the potential of robotics, or the potential of artifical intelligence (AI) this book is a treasure.
Each chapter includes a rich bibliography. My only issue
with the book is that it could have benefited from more illustrations and photos.
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Amazingly brilliant, AFSM, Allen, Shakey, Ghenghis, Attila, Hannibal, Gog
By Golden Lion
Ghenhis was the name of a robot that could walk over anything in its path as it followed a person. Ghenhis had six legs, bumper antennas, and infrared sensors for following the heat of the person signature it is following. The software for Genghis was not organized as a single program but fifty-one parallel programs and Brooks called these programs Augmented finite-state machines (AFSMs). AFSMs can send numbers to components on fixed wires. The first forty eight AFSMs allow Genghis to scramble around rough terrain. The walk machine uses six outputs that sequence the six legs to take steps. Ghenhis allow the robot too be out of balance as it walked and the beta balance machine corrected The Infrared Sensors machine receives input from six pyroelectronic sensors and each one has an on or off state that feed into the prowl or steer machine. These sensors are motion detectors and are tuned to the radiation band emitted by mammals. The prowl machine is connected to inhibit the outputs of the walk finite-state machine. If the robot detected some infrared activity, it walked toward it. If the sensors had been rotated to the back of the robot, it would walk away. Ghenhis had no sense of the directions backward, or forward, or away; it only had interaction embedded in it according to sensor input. Steer machine had left and right IR sensors and if the left sensor fired then the machine sent out a message to the left legs to take smaller steps, and if the right sensor fired then make the right legs take smaller steps. The insectlike Ghenhis was a turning point for robotics. The Ghenhis followed an emergent trajectory that was a product of both of its actions and its situation in the terrain of the world.
Brooks robots response to situation with conditional reactions and Cynthia Breazeal set out too write AFSMs in a higher-level language called the Behavior language. Colin Angle and Cynthia Breazeal built twin robots Attila and Hannibal each with 19 motors, 11 onboard computers, and hundreds of sensors. Eventual Breazeal produced over 1,500 AFSMs with her Behavior language code and through a model of pain through inconsistent sensor readings, they were able to ignore bad sensors and reintegrate them once they started to operate again. The legs of the robot were able to cooperate when the robots encountered rough terrain, lifting the body together, holding things up while a leg search for a difficult foot holding, and backing up and going around obstacles when needed. These robots were built from layered control systems without a central cognition box and coupled sensors to actuators.
The philosophers George Lakoff and Mark John argued that higher-level representation of language and thought are based on metaphors for our bodily interactions with the world. Metaphors develop from childhood from physical and social experiences, for example affection uses warmeth because the child is exposed to the warmeth of the parents body. High level concepts are built on metaphors and rely on bodily experience in the world. Our language reflects these metaphors.
Metaphors make it worth exploring the building of a robot with a human form and seeing what metaphors can be derived from the experience. Robots are not people. However, people will know how to interact with robots in human form by making eye contact, nods, and other sublinguistic murmurs and other social clues. The robot will know when to talk and when to listen dependant on the social clues and Cog would pave the way in this research.
One way to build a robot that can interact with people is a natural way is to build it with a vision system and with eyes that saccade and verge, and that look like human eyes. Each of Cog's eyes has two cameras. One has a wide angle lens so Cog can see peripheral view and the other has a narrow-angle lens to give Cog a fovea. Each of Cog's camera eyes are mounted on gimbals that can pan and tilt and its head and neck give it more freedom of motion of exploring. When Cog looks off in a direction, its head also turns in the direction. Cog vestibular-occular reflex allows its eye motions to successfully saccade and Cog is able to smooth flow someone walking in front of it. Cog's head has a gyroscope too play the role of an inner ear.
Cynthia Breazeals robot Kismet paid attention to three sorts of things: moving things, things with saturated colors, and things with skin colors. Kismet has internal drives that get larger and larger unless they are satiated. As these drives get larger they release certain behaviors. If Kismet bored drive get large, it might start deliberately looking around, saccading from place to place looking for something. The weighting on its attention system on saturated colors will direct the eyes while saccading to bright colors in the periphery view. The overall behaviors emerge from the interactions of the simplier behaviors.
Kismet has an auditory system and analyzes four pitch types known as prosody. Human infants recognize approval, prohibition, attention-getting, and soothing through prosodic patterns. Kismet has three emotional states: its valence, it arousal, and its stance. Valence is a measure of its happiness, and its arousal is how tired versus how stimulated Kismet is, and stance is how open it is too stimuli. It displays its emotional states with a set of eyebrows, its lips, and its ears and can put prosody in its voice.
Ritchie says to Kismet, "I want to show you this watch my girlfriend gave me." Kismet dutifully looks at the watch. Kismet was picking up on the social clues and the directions of attention. When Ritchie brought the watch into Kismets center of view, a few inches below his face where Kismet was foveated and when he brought his index finger up and tapped the watch the motion actived Kismets attention system and Kismet maintained eye contact with the watch. Eventually, Kismets attention system decided Ritchie's face was more interesting and looked back at the eyes of Ritchie. There is nothing qualitatively different from the mechanism in Ghenhis.
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